Internal Combustion Engines: Introduction and Classification

The inner burning motors are actually the motors where the burning from a gas accompanies an oxidizer (normally air) in a burning enclosure that is actually an important aspect of the operating liquid circulation circuit. In an interior burning motor, the development from the heat and also high-pressure fuels made through ignition administer straight pressure to some element from the motor. The force is actually administered normally to engines, generator cutters or even a faucet.

In an interior burning motor the development from the heat as well as high-pressure fuels made through burning use straight pressure to some element from the motor. The force is actually administered usually to engines, wind turbine cutters or even a mist nozzle.

Principal of Operation:

Air-fuel blend in the ignition enclosure is actually sparked, either through a fuse (in the event from SI Engines) or even through squeezing (just in case from CI motors). This ignition generates incredible volume from heat and also stress inside the cylindrical tube. This causes returning the compliment movement in the engine.
Energy from the engine is actually sent to a crankshaft which goes through turning activity. The rotating activity is actually essentially broadcast to the steering wheels of the car, by means of a gear box device, to make power in the motor vehicle.
As the ignition happens internally inside the cylindrical tube (an aspect of functioning liquid circuit) the motor is actually contacted inner burning motor.

Classification of Internal Combustion Engine:

 

1. Based on application

• Automobile Engine
• Aircraft Engine
• Locomotive Engine
• Marine Engine
• Stationary Engine

2. Based on basic engine design

• Reciprocating: Single cylinder, Multi-cylinder In-line, V, radial, opposed cylinder, Opposed Piston.
• Rotatory: Single motor, Multi motor

3. Based on operating cycle

• Atkinson (For complete expansion SI Engine)
• Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
• Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
• Miller (For Early/Late Inlet valve closing type SI Engine)
• Otto (For the Convectional SI Engine)

4. Based on working cycle

• Four stroke cycle
• Two stroke cycle
• Scavenging ; direct/crankcase/cross flow; back flow/loop; Uni flow
• Naturally aspirated or turbocharged

5. Based on Valve/port design and location

• Design of valve/port
• Poppet valve
• Rotatory valve
• Location of valve/port
• T-head
• L-head
• F-head
• L-head

6.Based on Fuel

• Convectional
• Crude oil derivatives; Petrol, diesel
• Other sources; coal, bio-mass, tar stands, shale
• Alternative
• Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
• Bio-mass derived: alcohols, vegetable oils, producer gas, biogas and hydrogen
• Blending
• Bi-fuel and dual fuel

7. Based on mixture preparation

• Carburetion
• Fuel injection

8. Based on ignition

• Spark ignition
• Compression Ignition

9. Based on stratification of charge

• Homogeneous Charge
• Stratified charge
• With carburetion
• With fuel injection

10. Based on combustion chamber design

• Open chamber: Disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-in-piston, bath tub.
• Divided chamber:
• (For CI) 1. Swirl chamber, 2. Pre-chamber
• (for SI) 1. CVCC, 2. Other designs

11. Based on cooling system

• Air-cooling system
• Water-cooling system

What is difference between Autocad and Solidworks?

AutoCAD is, much like SolidWorks, a Computer system Assisted Layout software program application for 2-D as well as 3-D style as well as preparing. AutoCAD was among the initial CAD programs to operate on individual or personal computer, especially the IBM desktop computer. During that time, most various other CAD programs operated on data processor computer systems or mini-computers that were linked to a graphics computer system terminal for each and every customer. Early launches of AutoCAD made use of standard entities such as lines, poly lines, circles, arcs, as well as message to eventually build much more intricate items. AutoCAD has actually because begun to sustain personalized things with its C++ Application Shows User interface (API).

Modern AutoCAD consists of a complete collection of fundamental strong modelling and also 3-D devices. With the launch of AutoCAD 2007 enhanced 3D modelling saw the light, which suggests far better navigating when operating in 3 measurements. It likewise came to be simpler to modify 3-D versions. The psychological ray engine was consisted of in making as well as therefore it was currently feasible to do high-quality makings. AutoCAD 2010 presented parametric performance and also network modeling. Presently, AutoCAD just runs under Microsoft Windows running systems. It is offered in 32-bit as well as 64-bit variations. AutoCAD could work on an emulator or compatibility layer like VM-ware Workstation or Wine, although numerous efficiency problems could develop if you deal with 3-D things or big illustrations.

Selecting a system that helps you depends entirely on the kind of job you wish to do. Several specialists state that SolidWorks is much more efficient when working with 3-dimensional layouts which AutoCAD is the method to choose 2-dimensional layout.

Yoga – best positions for melting fat from the abdominal area

Without exercise and a diet low in carbohydrates is hard to reduce belly fat. Unfortunately, there are natural remedies that you wonder melt can burn the calories overnight. For a thin and toned waist, it is recommended that at least 5 minutes a day one must do crunches. Here are a few yoga positions if done consistently, one can have a flat stomach. Many yoga poses are easy to do even if you do not have a very flexible body. It is important to not force yourself; try to start slowly and then, you can repeat them regularly, thus body flexibility will be automatically enhanced. Here are a few most effective yoga exercises for melting fat from the abdominal area.

1. Cobra position

This exercise is beneficial not only for the abdominal muscles, but also for the back. It is often recommended to the people suffering from herniated disc. For the best results from this workout, try to stay in the position for at least 30 seconds. If, however, your back hurts when you execute, you must give up and move to some other exercise before repeating it.

2. Plank position

Plank exercise is perhaps most effective when it comes to burning fat in the abdominal area. This exercise improves posture, improves your balance, it makes you more flexible and tones the whole body. All you have to do is manage to stay in this position as long as possible.

3. Boat Position

This position requires you to stay on the floor with legs raised 45 degrees and high trunk, so to be in perfect balance. Let down and raise your legs 4-5 times. Watch out for your inhalation and exhalation, you lift your feet with every breaths, and when you give bring them down. Remember, this yoga is not just about losing weight and toning, but can also provide you relaxation and improve mental status.

Tips for Creating and Presenting a topshot Engineering Presenting

A. First, organize your talk: 

1. Read the entire paper at least 3 times-You need to be able to explain the details in the paper (even the ugly tricky notation) 
   You need to be able to provide a critical analysis of the paper 
   Check out references in the related work section of the paper. (this will help you put the paper in context of a larger body of work and will help you critique the paper's results/contributions)
2. Find the important ideas- A paper has many details but only one or two main ideas; structure your talk around these main ideas.
3. Create a Talk Outline- Your talk should be organized in a top-down manner. 
   You should have the following main sections in your talk:
   • Introduction, The Big Picture: what, why, how, and why we should care (motivation). Be sure to include:
     • a statement of the problem being solved (what)
     • motivation and putting the work in context (why and why should we care)
     • a high-level view of the author's solution (how)
     
     
   • Details of solution
   • Results demonstrating/proving their solution
   • Critic of Work (possibly compare to related work)
   • Conclusions & Future Directions for this work
   
   
   
   
   The talk should be organized as the important ideas first, the details second, conclusions last. Each section of your talk should be organized in a similar manor: high-level important points first, details second, summarize high-level points last. If the paper is well written, you can use the paper's organization as a guide.

B. Design your slides

1. Slide Organization- Your slides should be organized like an outline--a few main points, with sub points under each one. 
   Your slides are a guide for your talk not a word-for-word copy of your talk. List specific points that you want to talk about as sub-topics of each main topic. If there are particular details that you want to discuss, outline them on the slide and keep written notes for you to refer to in your talk rather than writing all the details on the slide.
2. Summarize Main Points- You should have a summary slide of the main ideas at the end. 
   If applicable, Include a list of open questions from the paper
3. It is okay to waste space- Add just enough prose prose to present the main points and highlight the main parts of each point. Use phrases rather than complete sentences and use large fonts. You can use acronyms and abbreviations sparingly, however you should say the complete name when you talk about about them. For example, if you abbreviate processes to procs on a slide, say "processes" when you talk about the point not "procs". Similarly, if your create an acronym for your super fast multi-cast implementation SFMC and refer to the old slow multi-cast implementation as OSMC, then say "our super fast multi-cast" and "the old slow multi-cast" rather than "SFMC" and "OSMC". The exception is for well-known acronyms such as PVM, MPI, API, JVM, etc.
4. A picture is worth a thousand words- Use figures and graphs to explain implementation and results. It is very hard to describe a system implementation without having a picture of the components of the system. I once attended a talk about Intel's I64 architecture where the speaker tried to discuss the details of the layout of the chip and the interactions between the components without having any figures. It made for a very bad talk and a very hostile audience.
5. Number of Slides- As a general rule, it should take 2-3 minutes to talk through the material on one slide, so for a 45 minute talk you should have about 20 slides. If there is too much material in a paper to present completely in 45 minutes, then pick one part (the most interesting/important part) that you will discuss in detail, and present the other parts at a higher level. You can create back-up slides for specific details that you don't plan to talk about, but may get questions about.

C. Preparing your presentation

1. Provide a talk road-map- Tell audience where you are going with your talk.
   • Give audience a road-map of your talk at the beginning by using outline slides 
     Immediately after the title slide, put up an outline slide and tell the audience the main organization of your talk. Another alternative is to first have a few slides motivating the paper's general topic, then put up an outline slide giving the audience a road-map of your talk.
   • It should be clear when you start a new high-level part of your talk 
     Use good transitions from one slide to the next, and from one main topic to the next..."We just talked about the implementation of foo now we will look at how well foo performs for synthetic and real workloads. 
     You may want to use the outline slide at other points in your talk to provide a visual transition between parts.
   
   
2. Repeat Your Point- There is a rule that says you have to tell your audience something three times before the really hear it:
   1. Tell them what you are going to say.
   2. Say it.
   3. Summarize what you said.
   
   
   This is particularly important for figures and graphs. For example: 
   
   
   
   
   1. This graph show how the A algorithm performs better than the B and C algorithms as the number of nodes increase
   2. The X axis is number of nodes, the Y axis is execution time in seconds The red curve shows the execution time of A as the number of nodes increases The blue curve shows ...
   3. Thus you can see that as the number of nodes increases above N, the A algorithm performs better. This is because of increased message traffic in algorithms B and C as shown on the next slide...
   4. Explain concepts in your own words It is certainly okay to lift key phrases from the paper to use in your talk. However, you should also try to summarize the main ideas of the paper in your own words.
   5. Talk to the Audience Don't read your slide off the screen, nor directly off the projector. It is okay to stop for a second and refer to your notes if you need to.
   6. Practice Give a practice run-through of your talk. Stand in a room for 1 hour and talk through all your slides (out loud). This should be a timed dress rehearsal (don't stop and fix slides as you go). Members of your reading group should provide a practice audience for you.
   7. Nervousness: How to fight back 
      • A well organized, practiced talk will almost always go well. If you draw a blank, then looking at your slides will help you get back on track.
      • Taking a deep breath will clam you down. One trick is to try to remember to take a deep breath between each slide.
      • Slow down. Take a few seconds to think about a question that is being asked before you answer it. It is okay to pause for a few seconds between points and between slides; a second or two of silence between points is noticeable only to you, but if you are talking a mile a minute everyone will notice.
      • Bring notes. if you are afraid that you will forget a point or will forget your elegant transition between slides 11 and 12, write these down on a piece of paper and bring it with you. However, you don't want to have a verbatim copy of your talk, instead write down key phrases that you want to remember to say.
      • Give at least one practice talk to an audience.
      • Be prepared to answer questions. You don't have to know the answer to every question, however you should be prepared to answer questions and able to answer most questions about the paper. Before you give the talk, think about what questions you are likely to get, and how you would answer them. You may want to have back-up slides ready for answering certain questions.
      • It is okay to say "I don't know" or better yet "gee, I hadn't thought about that, but one possible approach would be to..." or to refer to your notes to answer questions.

BEST QUOTE ABOUT LIFE

• Achievements are yardstick for leading meaningful life.

• Life is full of surprises, and sometimes it seems very complex, discomfort and unfair with its unexpected twists and turns.

• To find your purpose of life, you have to give purpose to your life.

• Life is a journey from one goal post to another. As long as there is life, there is a goal in front of you.

• Life is based on choices.

• The opportunity to improve your life is available with you all the time.

• Life is a mirror image of dominant thoughts.

• Life is an adventurous journey.

• Life is neither good nor evil in itself. It appears according to the state of our heart, which is our subconscious mind.

• Life is a process of creation. It is here right now, in the present moment.

• Life is uncertain; no one can exactly predict what is going to happen in the future. Any time it can come to an end.

• The drawback of attachment is that it does not allow us to enjoy the life in totality.

• Life is a reflection of action. To run around here and there without any concrete output leads to a meaningless life.

• The secret of leading a meaningful life lies in setting yourself a goal.

• The choice we make during the course of our life writes our life story.

• The wonderful law of life: focus on problems and they will multiply; count your blessings and your life happiness will increase manifold.

• Counting your blessings will lead you to have the positive approach in difficult times and that in turn help you to sort out problems earlier and smoothly.